Before we all had what are essentially little powerful computers in our pockets at the ready to solve any problem via search engines and AI, analog machines combined with pen-and-paper math was the go ...

LONDON, Aug 16 (Reuters) - Britain has stopped the export of rare wartime papers that once belonged to national hero Alan Turing, who helped the Allies win World War Two by cracking Nazi Germany's ...

1. Introduction -- 2. From Julius Caesar to simple substitution -- 3. Polyalphabetic systems -- 4. Jigsaw ciphers -- 5. Two-letter ciphers -- 6. Codes -- 7. Ciphers for spies -- 8. Producing random ...